The military leaders of Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger have signed a confederation treaty to strengthen their mutual defense pact, the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). This move signifies a shift away from traditional regional alliances and Western allies. The leaders, who came to power in successive coups, have withdrawn from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), citing it as a threat to their states.
During a summit in Niamey, Niger, the leaders criticized ECOWAS for being influenced by foreign powers. They accused former colonial ruler France of meddling in the region and exploiting their resources for their own benefit. The strengthened relationship between the three countries means an attack on one is an attack on all.
The withdrawal of French and US forces from the region has forced the new military leaders to seek new security and economic ties with Russia. However, the impact of this shift on the violence and instability in the countries remains uncertain. Burkina Faso experienced a surge in violence in 2023, while gains against armed groups in Niger have backslid following the coup. In Mali, Russian-linked mercenaries have been accused of indiscriminate killing of civilians and triggering mass displacement.
The Niamey summit took place just before the US completed its withdrawal from Niger, highlighting how the new military leaders have redefined security relationships in the region. Efforts are being made to mend ties with ECOWAS, but the creation of the AES has raised questions about the future of regional integration in West Africa.
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